10.Escondida, Chile
Ko te mana o te maina ESCONDIDA i Atacama Desert i te raki o Chile ka wehewehea i waenga i te BHP Billiton (57.5%) , Rio Tinto (30%) me nga mahi tahi a Mitsubishi (12.5% te whakakotahi).Ko te maina mo te 5 ōrau o te hanga parahi o te ao i te 2016. Kua timata te heke o te whakaputa i nga tau kua pahure ake nei, a, i kii a BHP Billiton i roto i tana ripoata 2019 mo nga painga o te maina i heke iho te hanga parahi i Escondida i te 6 ōrau mai i te tau o mua ki te 1.135. miriona taranata, he hekenga e tumanakohia ana, na te mea e kii ana te kamupene he 12 paiheneti te hekenga o te karaehe parahi.I te tau 2018, i whakatuwherahia e BHP te tipu whakahekenga ESCONDIDA mo te whakamahi i nga maina, katahi ko te mea nui rawa atu mo te whakaheke.Kua piki haere te tipu o ana mahi, me te wai whakaheke wai e 40 paiheneti o te paunga wai o te tipu hei te mutunga o te tau moni 2019. he painga nui ki te whanaketanga o te katoa o te maina.
Kupu whakamārama:
Kohuke matua: Copper
Kaiwhakahaere: BHP Billiton (BHP)
Te timatanga: 1990
Hanganga ā-tau: 1,135 kirotoni (2019)
09. Mir, Ruhia
Ko te maina mira Siberia i mua ko te maina taimana nui rawa atu i te Soviet Union o mua.E 525 mita te hohonu o te rua maina, 1.2 kiromita te whanui.E kiia ana koinei tetahi o nga rua keri nui rawa atu i te whenua, a ko te kokonga o te ahumahi taimana Soviet o mua.I whakahaerehia te rua tuwhera mai i te tau 1957 ki te 2001, i katia mana i te tau 2004, i whakatuwherahia ano i te tau 2009 ka neke ki raro i te whenua.I te wa i kati ai i te tau 2001, e kiia ana kua hua te maina he $17 piriona te utu taimana taratara.Ko te maina mira Siberia, e whakahaeretia ana inaianei e Alrosa, te kamupene taimana nui rawa atu o Ruhia, e whakaputa ana i te 2,000 kirokaramu taimana ia tau, 95 paiheneti o te hanga taimana o te motu, a ko te whakaaro ka mahi tonu tae noa ki te tau 2059.
Kupu whakamārama:
Kohuke matua: taimana
Kaiwhakahaere: Alrosa
Te timatanga: 1957
Te whakaputanga o te tau: 2,000 kg
08. Boddington, Ahitereiria
Ko te maina BODDINGTON te keri koura nui rawa atu o Ahitereiria, he nui ake i te maina nui rongonui (Feston open-pit) i te wa i timata ano te mahi i te tau 2009. Ko nga putunga koura i Boddington me Maanfeng whitiki pounamu i Ahitereiria ki te hauauru he momo putea koura momo whitiki pounamu.Whai muri i te mahi tahi e toru-ara i waenga i a Newmont, Anglogoldashanti me Newcrest, i riro mai i a Newmont tetahi hea i AngloGold i te tau 2009, ka noho ko ia anake te rangatira me te kaiwhakahaere o te kamupene.Ka whakaputa ano te maina i te konukura sulfate, a, i te Maehe 2011, e rua noa tau i muri mai, ka puta te tuatahi 28.35 taranata koura.I whakarewahia e Newmont te kaupapa waro waro ngahere ki Burdington i te tau 2009, a, 800,000 nga mahuri hikoi hoiho i whakato ki New South Wales me Ahitereiria ki te hauauru.E kii ana te kamupene ka uru atu enei rakau ki te 300,000 taranata o te waro i roto i te 30 ki te 50 tau, i te whakapai ake i te tote o te oneone me te kanorau koiora o te rohe, me te tautoko i te Ture Pungao Maama o Ahitereiria me te kaupapa Ahuwhenua Wao, kua whai waahi nui te mahere kaupapa ki te hanga. o maina matomato.
Kupu whakamārama:
Kohuke matua: Koura
Kaiwhakahaere: Newmont
Te timatanga: 1987
Te whakaputanga o te tau: 21.8 tone
07. Kiruna, Sweden
Ko te maina KIRUNA i Lapland, Sweden, ko te maina rino nui rawa atu i te ao, he pai ki te matakitaki i te Aurora Borealis.I kena tuatahitia te maina i te tau 1898, a kei te whakahaerehia e te kawanatanga a luossavara-kiirunaara Aktiebolag (LKAB) , he kamupene maina Swedish.Na te rahi o te maina rino o Kiruna i whakatau ai te taone nui o Kiruna i te tau 2004 kia nukuhia te pokapū o te taone na te mea ka totohu te mata.I timata te hūnukutanga i te tau 2014, ka hanga ano te pokapū o te taone i te tau 2022. I te marama o Haratua 2020, i puta te ruri whenua 4.9 te rahi ki roto i te kee maina na te mahi maina.E ai ki te inenga o te punaha tirotiro ruri maina, he 1.1 kiromita te hohonu o te pokapū.
Kupu whakamārama:
Kohuke matua: rino
Kaiwhakahaere:LKAB
Te timatanga: 1989
Te whakaputanga a-tau: 26.9 miriona taranata (2018)
06. Kuri Whero, US
Kei te rohe o Arctic o Alaska, ko te keri Kuri Whero te maina konutea nui rawa atu i te ao.Ko Teck Resources te whakahaere maina, e whakaputa ana i te mata me te hiriwa.Ko te maina, e whakaputa ana i te 10% o te konutea o te ao, e tika ana kia mahi tae noa ki te tau 2031. Kua whakahengia te maina mo tona paanga ki te taiao, me te ripoata a te United States Environmental Protection Agency e kii ana ka tukuna atu he matū paitini ki te taiao i era atu. whare i roto i te United States.Ahakoa e whakaaetia ana e te ture o Alaska te tuku i nga wai para ki roto i nga whatunga awa, i te tau 2016 i raru a Tektronix mo te parahanga o te awa o Urik.Heoi ano, i whakaaetia e te United States Environmental Protection Agency a Alaska ki te tango i te awa o Red Dog Creek me te awaawa o ICARUS mai i tana rarangi o nga wai tino pokea.
Kupu whakamārama:
Kohuke matua: Zinc
Kaiwhakahaere: Teck Resources
Te timatanga: 1989
Te whakaputanga o te tau: 515,200 tana
Wā tuku: Feb-22-2022